TARGET OF SARS - CoV - 2 :
SARS - CoV - 2 mainly found to bind on the Angiotensin Converting Enzyme - 2 (ACE - 2 ) receptor which are being expressed on Type - 2 Pneumocytes of Alveoli in lungs. Alveoli is composed of two types of cells -
- Type - 1 Pneumocytes - Involve in gas exchange.
- Type - 2 Pneumocytes - Produce surfactants that maintains alveolar surface tension.
The virus binds to ACE - 2 receptor by means of S - spike Glycoprotein and enters inside alveoli where it starts replicating by hijacking the host replicating machinery and forms progeny viruses which results in damage of Type - 2 Pneumocytes which in turn triggers the release of Pro - inflammatory Cytokines ( leading to Cytokine Storm ) such as IL - 6 , IL - 7 , IL - 10 , G - CSF , IP - 10 which activates Alveolar Macrophages which on activation releases cytokines IL - 1 , IL - 6 and TNF which causes capillary smooth muscle relaxation , endothelial cell contraction and retraction causing Vasodilation and increase in Capillary Permeability around alveoli as a result of this Plasma spills out into the interstitial spaces and fluid starts accumulating around alveoli and compresses alveoli. Some fluid start entering and accumulating inside alveoli leading to a condition known as Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ( ARDS ) / Wet Lung like pneumonia and wash out surfactants causing further damage to Type - 2 Pneumocytes which results in low production of Surfactants hence results in increases in alveolar surface tension and finally leads to Alveolar Collapse which is marked by decrease in gas exchange causing decrease in blood oxygen level known as Hypoxemia. At the same time increased level of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF - alpha attracts Neutrophils at the site of inflammation which than releases Reactive Oxygen Species ( ROS ) and Protease which initiate viral sepsis and inflammatory induced lung damage. Out of so many cytokines , cytokines IL - 1 and IL - 6 travels to Hypothalamus in brain and stimulate it to release certain Prostaglandins which will increase the body temperature and result in Fever.
REASON FOR DEATH OF COVID PATIENTS :
Decrease oxygen level in blood will further stimulate chemoreceptors which in turn stimulate Sympathetic system finally results in increase Heart rate and Respiratory rate. Uncontrolled release of high level of inflammatory cytokines in Severe patients leads to Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ( SIRS ) which occurs due to decrease blood volume and increase Peripheral resistance leads to Hypotenshion which in turn decrease Organ profusion and result in multiple organ damage finally leads to the death of the covid patients.


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