? WHAT A CRISPR - Cas SYSTEM IS :
CRISPR - Cas is a genome editing tool that is creating a buzz in the genome editing world of genetics and biotechnology. It is faster , cheaper and more accurate than the previous techniques of editing genome and has a wide range of potential applications. It is a natural genome editing system found in bacteria as a defence mechanism against viruses because when a virus infects a bacteria it inject its genome inside the bacteria and there the genome of virus gets integrated with bacterial genome which leads to hijacking of bacterial replication machinery by virus , allowing virus to produce progeny viruses which leads to death of bacterial cell. Bacteria by using CRISPR snips out parts of virus genome and keep a bit of it behind to help them recognise and defend against the virus next time it attack. CRISPR stands for the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats where as Cas stands for the CRISPR associated proteins. The CRISPR - Cas system consists of two key molecules that introduce a change into the genome.
1. Cas Enzyme : Cas is an endonuclease enzyme ( molecular scissors ) that can cut the two strands of DNA at a specific location in the genome so that bits of genome can than be added or removed. Cas follows the guide RNA to the target site in the genome where it makes a cut across both strands of the DNA.
2. Guide RNA : Guide RNA consists of a small piece of pre - designed RNA sequence of about 20 bases long located within a longer RNA scaffold which are complementary to the target site of genome. The scaffold part binds to the genome and the pre - designed sequence guides Cas to the right part of the genome. This makes sure that the Cas enzyme cuts at the right points in the genome.
# CRISPR sequences were first discovered in bacteria Escherichia .coli by researcher "Yoshizumi Ishino" and his colleagues in 1987. But CRISPR - Cas as a genome editing tool was first proposed by " Doudna " and " Emmanuelle Charpentier " in 2012.
FELUDA TEST KIT :
Senior scientists Dr. Debojyoti Chakraborty and Dr. Souvik Maiti at CSIR - IGIB , Delhi for the first time invented a CRISPR - Cas based rapid diagnosis kit for covid infection detection named as " FELUDA " ( FnCas9 Editor Linked Uniform Detection Assay ). Feluda is a paper strip based diagnosis kit that works by combining CRISPR system and paper strip Chemistry. The paper based diagnosis test is similar to mechanism of a pregnancy test kit where we dip the paper strip in the solution and colour changes. The strip consist of two lines :
- Control line which is present in the every strip that is being used and indicates that the strip is working proper.
- Test line which comes positive (coloured ) when there is suspected agent of the covid infection in the sample and vice - versa.
COST OF KIT : 500 rupees for a single kit which is more cheaper than the RT - PCR test which cost around 4,500 rupees.
TIME REQUIRED : less than one hour around 30 minutes where on the other hand RT - PCR takes 4 to 6 hours for single sample.
EFFICACY : Have excellent efficacy as that of RT - PCR.

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